Faith Diversity Essay

This paper will look and examine four diverse faiths: Christianity, Buddhism, Rastafarianism and Islam spiritual perspective on healing. In Christianity, prayer is a way that a person can stay healthy physically, mentally and spiritually. Health is viewed by having a strong spiritual relationship with the Lord and living one’s life by the word of God. Buddhist need a balance of health both mentally and physically in order to achieve optimal health. They way that they are able to restore health would be by practicing healthy dietary habits or meditation. Rastafarianism view on health as a balance of the mind, the body and the soul achieved with a more holistic approach like prayer and herbal treatments. Lastly, Islam reaches ultimate purity by having a clean body and soul. They must cleanse often and pray often. Religions differ in many ways; they could have a different sacred books, have different deities, or have different views on how to live a full life, ultimately they want the same thing, to have their faiths respected and incorporated into the care they are receiving. Introduction Throughout the world, there are thousands of distinctly different religious affiliations. In the United States alone, there are â€Å"approximately 313 religions and denominations† (All Religions and Denominations in the US, 2008). This paper will examine four diverse faiths Christianity, Buddhism, Rastafarianism and Islam. It will look at the philosophy of these four faiths when having care provided to them. It will specifically look at the spiritual perspective on healing. It will examine the critical components of healing for these faiths. Along with looking at these diverse faiths, this paper will look at what is important for people who are receiving care from health care providers whose views differ from their own. Christianity The Christians were the first people to start â€Å"the world’s first voluntary charitable institutions† which were hospitals (Trangelder, 2007). The reason that they started these hospitals is because they wanted to help the poor and those that were sick and dying (Trangelder, 2007). Health care and Christian belief go hand in hand. One of the most crucial components in healing is prayer. The Christians hold prayer in very high regard. They feel that prayer has the ability to make them better. In the book James 5:14-15(English Standard Version) it states, â€Å"Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up†(Biblegateway, 2001). Along with prayer, the bible mentions many ways that a person can stay healthy physically, mentally and spiritually. Ultimately, the way to stay healthy is by having a strong spiritual relationship with the Lord and living one’s life by the word of God. Buddhism The Buddhist has a different holy book then the Christian faith. There sacred book is called Tripitaka. This holy book mentions that the only way to be truly healed is to be healthy in mind and body. Western medicine focuses on curing symptoms to treat medical problems, but the Buddhist see this only as a short term fix. In order for one to be healed one must also treat â€Å"the spiritual aspect of the disease and its mind-based causes and remedies must be the primary considerations†(Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). Buddhist feel that possible reasons for illness or disease would be † 1) an imbalance of the four elements (earth, water, fire, and wind), 2) irregular dietary habits, 3) incorrect meditation methods, 4) disturbances by spirits, 5) demon possession, and 6) the force of bad karma† (Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). They way that they are able to restore health would be by practicing healthy dietary habits, meditation, paying respect to the Buddha, repentance, reciting mantras, reciting the Buddha’s name and using the dharma as medicine† (Buddhism, Medicine, and Health, n. d. ). By doing this they would be able to find a balance physical and mentally and find long-term health. Rastafarianism Like the Christians, the Rastafarians sacred text that they pray to is the Bible, but the difference is how it is interpreted. The Rastafarians also feel that the head or God incarnate is Haile Selassie. He was a former Emperor of Ethiopia (Griffith, 2009). In Rastafarianism health care â€Å"takes a holistic approach to healing; they believe that the concept of health extends to three spheres: the mind, the body and the soul (though sometimes the psychological and spiritual can sometimes be categorized together)†(Rastafari and the Environment, 2012). They cure illnesses by use of home remedies or tonics rather than visiting a doctor. Rastafarians† disown western influences of ideology, diet, lifestyle and religion in favor of belief systems and practices of African origin, which emphasizes the use of natural ingredients and tools†(Rastafari and the Environment, 2012). Islam For the Islam, their sacred text is the Quran. In the Quran, unlike the Christians, Muhammad is the prophet sent to Earth to pass the word of the Lord, Allah. The Muslims feel that good health is one of the ways to get to â€Å"heaven†. In the Quran, it has teachings that show people how to protect his or her health and live life in a state of purity (Muslim Health Network (n. d). The single most important thing for this faith is prayer. Muslims perform it five times a day. â€Å"The obligatory prayers provide a good means for the circulation of blood, breathing and general suppleness of joints† (Muslim Health Network (n. d). Along with prayer they must cleanse after prayer, have a healthy diet, fast and refrain from intoxicates. Despite these religious differences in the United States, people’s only wish is to have their religious views respected and honored if possible. No matter if healthcare providers spiritual beliefs differ from those in their care, patients want their faith to be incorporated into the care that they are receiving. The Christian philosophy as written in the book of Luke 6:31 (English Standard Version) † And as you wish that others would do to you, do so to them†(Biblegateway, n. d. ). This goes in line as all people would like to be treated, no matter how different spiritual views might be. In conclusion, the author learned that although many religions differ ultimately they want the same thing, to have their faith incorporated into the care they are receiving. Religions differ in many ways, they could have a different scared book, have different deities, or have different views on how to live a full life. Medication, chanting or prayer can help achieve inner peace to ultimately reach health inside and out. ? References Biblegateway (2001). James 5:14-15 ESV – Is anyone among you sick? Let him call – Bible Gateway. Retrieved from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=James+5%3A14-15&version=ESV Biblegateway (n. d. ). Luke 6:31 ESV – And as you wish that others would do to – Bible Gateway. Retrieved from http://www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=Luke%206:31&version=ESV Buddhism, Medicine, and Health. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. blia. org/english/publications/booklet/pages/37. htm Griffith, J. K. (2009). THE RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF NURSING CARE (4th ed. ). Vancouver, B. C Muslim Health Network (n. d. ). Islam & Health. Retrieved from http://www. muslimhealthnetwork. org/islamandhealth. shtml Tangelder, J. D. (2007). A Christian Perspective on Healthcare. Retrieved from http://www. reformedreflections. ca/faith-and-life/chr-perspective-healthcare. html Rastafari and the Environment (2012). Natural Healing and Medicine. Retrieved from http://caribbeanreligionuvm. wordpress. com/category/natural-healing-and-medicine/

Cost Cut Theory

Ritter explained. the bigger loss, of course, is the future value of the money, according to the financial analysts. â€Å"if you left the $10,000 in for 20 years and it earned 8 percent, that would have amounted to $46,600,† Ritter noted. Ritter said that taking money out of a 401(k) plan—as either a loan or a hardship withdrawal—can be a false solution that keeps the person in crisis from taking appropriate action, such as selling the house, getting another job, or cutting expenses. You need a systemic solution, something that’s going to change your household cash flow,† he said. liberto said another reason to avoid a hardship withdrawal in the current market is that the employee would be borrowing funds that have dropped in value, with no chance to recoup the loss when the market recovers.Barbara Bird, a management professor and entrepreneurship expert at american university in Washington, d. c. , said that at this time of such dramatic financial upheaval, companies can help employees by providing financial education. a lot of people out there don’t know what diversification means,† she said, or what the difference is between stocks and bonds. Bird said that some people who take hardship withdrawals do not understand the tax consequences until april. companies can set up training classes or communicate through a newsletter or Web page, she added. â€Å"one of the things managers need to do in times of crisis is to communicate,† Bird said, â€Å"to share as much as they can about what’s happening at the company as the financial situation plays out nationally. q MaRcH 2009 COST-CUTTING TIPS, TACTICS & STRATEGIESInTRODuCeHDHPsTOCuTHeALTHCAReCOsTs Issue:in 2005, a business services company sought to cut its health care costs by introducing high deductible health plans ( HdHps) to its employees in hopes of increasing its enrollment. Response:â€Å"along with the HdHp options, we also started offering health savings accounts that included employer contributions to these accounts,† the benefits administrator at the 225-employee firm told us. Result:â€Å"these new plans increased our participation in 2006; 65 percent of our employees who participate in the health program are covered in one of he HdHp plans,† the benefits administrator added. â€Å"due to the increased enrollment in 2006 and the reduced claims experience, we were able to offer our plans to employees in 2007 with no increase in premium amounts. †Issue:a 400-employee transportation company was looking for simple changes to its benefits plan that would keep costs from rising more than 8 percent. Response:â€Å"our principal move was to couple an increase in deductibles with a contribution increase,† the controller told us. Formerly, we also included dental coverage with the cost of medical. now, we charge additional amounts for it. Finally, we increased copayments for our drug program. † Result:increasing the deductibles saved the company roughly $150,000. â€Å"and to lessen the sting of these increases to employees, we supplemented our life offering, which was viewed positively,† the controller added. CHAnGeyOuRCOnTRIBuTIOnTIeRs Issue: the benefits manger at a new York-based hotel, hospitality, and lodging company was looking for a way to change its contribution toward health care coverage to help cut costs.Response:â€Å"We changed from a two-tiered contribution single and family to a four-tiered contribution (single, couple, single with child(ren), and family). it was done during open enrollment for 2007 benefits,† the benefits manager told ioMa. Result:â€Å"it enabled us to reduce costs. Many associates with dual coverage opted out as the family plan went up by 105 percent for a contribution. it went from $22 per week to $46. www. ioma. com/HR 15

An Analytical Response to the 1978 film, F. I. S. T. Essay

The plot of the film basically revolve around the life of a worker who desperately seeks a better and a more comfortable life by working hard in a very low-paying job with a management who imposes very harsh and unjust rules and guidelines. The story also deals with the struggles of the workers to earn respect and the right and fair kind of treatment they deserve. The plot centers on the life and struggles of Johnny Kovac’s character which was played by Sylvester Stallone. The character was portrayed as a willful trucker who decided to join the Federation of Interstate Truckers (FIST) to fight and campaign for just treatments among all the country’s truckers like him (â€Å"F. I. S. T. 1987†). Through out the story, Kovac was challenged by a lot of more powerful individual since he was seen as a very strong threat to their deceptive intentions. He also received a lot of threats and physical tortures since he was actually fighting very powerful people. But despite all these challenges, Kovac was nevertheless able to prove that he is stronger than anyone who opposes his intentions to uplift the lives of simple truckers who just deserve fair treatment from their superiors. This was the major conflict and drive of the story. Kovac, as the main protagonist both serves as a hero and the base character of the story where all the other conflicts and highlights are based from. The story emphasized on Kovac’s principles and his efforts of fighting for their rights as truckers. Kovac and all the other characters in the story were portrayed to be simple and typical people with whom, viewers can easily empathize. However, his defeat and death at the end has put a rather distressing and saddening effect to the story. II. Issues The story was basically about the lives and struggles of truckers. Just like other workers, truckers have rights and privileges that they can demand from their superiors. However in this movie, the workers were rather treated unjustly by the management. They were given inadequate compensation and several unfair rules and regulations have been imposed on them. Kovac, as a trucker himself stood up and fought for his principles and afterwards fought for the influence of the labor union, FIST, which he became part of. The movie had a particular emphasis on the laborer’s rights and privileges. The unjust treatments to these workers portrayed in the film are one manifestation that in the real world, this undeserved treatment is also observable. Through the depiction of this issue it can be implied that some capitalist may really have been so fed up by their wealth that they forget that there are still other important things to consider aside from getting richer and this is the welfare of their workers. And because of this issue, the characters of the movie can be observed to seek for their rights and privileges in a rather aggressive way because of the unpleasant manner their company has used to treat them. The issues were basically about, (1) what implications can unjust treatment and deprivation of privileges causes workers; and (2) how well do labor unions actually help in eliminating the hostile relationships between workers and companies. And because this issue has been depicted to have taken all the patience of the workers, some of them have even developed stronger sense of selfishness and greed. Some also developed greed towards money. Kovac on the other hand became more and more obsessed of recruiting for member to join FIST since he wanted his mission and his intention to voice out the wants of the workers to be accomplished as early as he can. These implications may in some ways appear similar to the effects of unjust treatments to laborers people experience in real life. Just like in this film, people may indeed grow hostile and aggressive once their rights and privileges will be deprived of them. But nonetheless, if there is one lesson that this movie was able to send out, it is the fact that it is never just and acceptable to fight for one’s principle in destructive ways. III. Discussion In several ways, this movie appears to carry considerable significance to the real occurrences of unjust treatment among workers in the society. In real life, these incidents are undeniable that is why unions exist. However, the arguable thing is this movie is that Kovac and his other colleagues appeared to fight for what they believe in rather hostile and destructive ways which only made the situations worse. Aside from this, a lot of characters were also depicted to be deceived by wealth and power which made them turn their . backs to their moral perspectives. Thus, this can be considered as one of the moral threats unjust treatments can really cause an individual. In its entirety, the movie appears to be a total representation what goes on in a union and how its members fight for what they believe in. But what appears to be an upsetting and disturbing part of the story is the aggression and immorality which brought about . worse situations and events. IV. Opinion Truly, every person in this world deserved fair treatment as every person deserves equal rights and privileges as well. In a company, the relationship of the executive management to the workers can be considered very crucial. In order to form a pleasant relationship between these two, each party must respect and provide the deserved treatment and benefit of the other party. Because once this rule is broken, hostility might definitely spark which will eventually form an unpleasant relationship between the workers and the management. Personally, I think the movie had an interesting inspiration; however, the real message was not that effectively sent out to the viewers because of the distractions that came from all the unnecessary actions and violence portrayed in the film. But nonetheless, I see this film as a good depiction of how worse a situation may get once a worker’s rights and privileges be unjustly deprived from him or her. Works Cited â€Å"F. I. S. T. (1987): Plot Summary. † The Internet Movie Database. IMDb. com. (n. d. ). (14 May 2009). . F. I. S. T. Dir: Norman Jewinson. Writer: Joe Eszterhas and Sylvester Stallone. Cast: Sylvester Stallone, Rod Steiger, Peter Boyle, Melinda Dillon, David Huffman, Kevin Conway and Tony Lo Bianco. Chateau Productions, 1987.

Rolls-Royce Aviation and the Development of TotalCare Case Study

Rolls-Royce Aviation and the Development of TotalCare - Case Study Example As the paper outlines over a period of just a few years, Rolls-Royce managed to be a compliant supplier to American Airlines and found significant business success and profitability in the process. However, Rolls-Royce maintained a strong thirst for extra profit and began to assume more risk than they originally thought they could handle. Such total care packages, as that of American Airlines, required significant internal investment into labour, facilities management and even technical support in order to provide this new extended service and maintenance contract philosophy. Realising that Rolls-Royce had found success, their largest competitors began to change their own business models to reflect similar total care packages to the B2B customers. This eroded the short-term competitive advantage which had been recently held by Rolls-Royce and threatened their market share. Added to this the costs of maintaining maintenance workshops, Rolls-Royce required a new competitive advantage i n order to remain an engine sales leader in this airline industry. This paper discusses that Rolls-Royce has focused the majority of its efforts into innovating actual service delivery to its customers, but has failed to create a marketing strategy which appeals to the psychographic characteristics of its clients. The company does not understand how to utilise promotion effectively to make the sales agreements more of a client relationship which provides mutual value to both businesses. Thus, the business has lost its previous competitive edge.

Power point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power point - Essay Example ort can disrupt the functioning of the entire set up at the airport, cause tensions and insecurity of thousands of passengers, and millions of newspaper readers and electronic media read such news reports. As for one’s health and the health of family members, the concern is greatest, as never before. One needs to go the root causes. To illustrate this by an example, look at the mosquito issue and how it is tackled. Mosquitoes thrive on the blood of human beings and hundreds of pesticide manufacturing companies thrive on the blood of mosquitoes. Some of them are big multinationals. Flashy advertisements of their product take of the mosquitoes. Take care how and how long? If you kill the mosquitoes today in your home or office premises, a new batch of mosquitoes is waiting to take over the blood-sucking operations. To find the tangible solutions, one needs to go to the root cause. The root cause of the breeding of mosquitoes is filth. Remove the filth, and give priority to the cleanliness of the premises. The mosquitoes will say farewell to such clean premises for ever. I am giving this fairly long introduction to set your mind thinking, as to how we miss the basics and entertain the superficial details. One month from today, our company will be reaching an important milestone to address to the basic causes of many types of diseases that afflict humanity. The detailed research your company has been doing over this product has resulted in stunning and sterling facts. I am telling you about a product, which you know already, but the merits of which you actually you do not know. The product which we are gong to launch is FAME Honey: Now, let us quickly move to the brass track of business and look up some slides as to how we go about the exercise of launching FAME Honey. All these qualities make honey a great product, the importance of which has come to the notice of the researchers and the medical fraternity. Honey is known to increase the resistance power of the

Responsibility to Protect and Obstacles in Its Implementations Essay

Responsibility to Protect and Obstacles in Its Implementations - Essay Example In so doing, the Assembly deliberately rejected the old paradigm that viewed sovereignty and human rights as diametric opposites of a horizontal continuum, and embraced the notion that the two principles necessarily reinforce each other. In paragraph 139 of the Document, the Security Council was recognized as possessing the right to authorize force under Chapter VII to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity where "national authorities manifestly fail" to protect their own populations" (World Summit Outcome 31). This recognition has decisively broadened the legal effect of Article 39 of the Charter - it is now fully settled in law that the Security Council may use force in contained domestic crises where atrocities are being committed. The principal argument of this paper is that notwithstanding the advancements of "responsibility to protect", the doctrine in its present form has serious shortcomings that could leave the Security Council without cl ear parameters and guidelines for dealing with future genocides. R2P fails to meet the needs of civilians due to the non-intervention norm enshrined within the Charter. It is vital that more work be done to develop clearer standards and benchmarks in the determination of responsibility to protect. Barriers Implementing R2P R2P, while specifically addressing humanitarian interventions, is a doctrine which is not legally binding. R2P merely serves to clarify the criteria permitting intervention. The criteria are just cause, right intention, last resort, right authority, proportional means, and reasonable prospects. Just cause determines the grounds under which humanitarian interventions may occur. The ICISS identified genocide and large-scale ethnic cleansing, actual or imminent. Right intention prohibits intervention for the sake of regime change or other national interests. The intervention must be solely based on humanitarian motives. The last resort criterion determines that all n on-military means of conflict prevention must be exhausted before relying on the use of military force. The right authority criterion clarifies that while the UN Security Council is the primary vehicle for authorising intervention, it may also, in the case of UNSC paralysis, be authorised by regional organisations such as North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the European Union (EU), or the African Union (AU). Proportional means is the idea that the scale, duration, and planned military intervention are the minimum of what is necessary to secure the defined objective. This assures the country in which the intervention is taking place that the intervention is merely temporary and that sovereignty will be returned in the shortest time possible. The final criterion; reasonable prospects, is perhaps the most important. It is the idea that an intervention will only take place if the consequences of such action will not be worse than doing nothing (Matt 31). However, like all legal c onventions, R2P is subject to interpretation. There is nothing in R2P which prevents states from arguing that the just cause threshold has not been crossed or that the responsibility to protect lies with the host state and not the international community. It is stated within the R2P report that it is a pro-sovereignty doctrine, and that the responsi

Analysis of Plato's Allegory of the Cave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Plato's Allegory of the Cave - Essay Example Allegory of the Cave was a work of Plato, which also means Analogy of the Cave. In this work Plato is describing the nature in education and in the wants of education. In the essay Plato is trying to bring an analogy between education and nature and how education has an impact on nature and it interpretation. It is a set of conversational dialogues between Plato’s brother Glaucon and Socrates. Plato has done a remarkable job in conceptualizing the essay from a point of view of conversation. He has gone a different path while exploring the limits of human understanding on a particular subject by progressing into a narrowed path of information. To put it down in a brief, Allegory of the Cave consists of people who have been caged to the wall of a cave where they are facing the wall and can only see shadows of people who are walking behind them with the reflection from the fire in front of them. The people never get to witness the true picture and interpret reality from the shado w view they have while facing the wall of the cave all their life. Plato then draws an analogy from this situation with respect to the life of a philosopher of his nature. He says that the life of the philosopher is very much inclined in this fashion, the only difference is that the philosopher is able to realise that what he is seeing is only shadows and not the true picture as to how it exists in reality. He finds out the truth and realises that all his life he was witness to a picture which did not exist in reality and that what he saw therefore was not true. Then he moves onto say that the philosopher is freed from this cage and then finally sees the true picture as how it stands out to be, and not the way he perceived it. Emphasis is laid on perception and Plato tries to explain from this analogy that what humans perceive is not always true and that they need to free themselves from this cage of perception which masks over the true picture in order to understand the true pictur e. The claim in this analogy is that people should be free from the State as well as any authority which is designed to lock up perceptions into the minds of the people. People should be free from such activities by any organization whatsoever, where they have the choice to look around and draw conclusions from reality rather than trading in flawed perceptions propagated by State into their minds. The author is using an emotional appeal to gather the support of his readers. He is using this tool as it looks to be the smoothest and the most subtle tool in convincing people of his idea as well as making them follow it in their own lives. In this way the people are able to connect at a very weak and high level and that is where the intensity is the maximum. Once the intensity is achieved at a very deep level which can only be propagated through an emotional understanding of the idea, the people would automatically by the work of their sub conscious would catch and implement the idea in to their minds. It is a connection of the sub conscious and that connection works only when applied at a very intense level, which includes the stretching of boundaries, therefore dealing at a weak point but at the same time strengthening it. The story revolves around an analogy which is romantic in nature. The

Perfume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Perfume - Essay Example ty and fantasy into one credible and believable tale, especially when the book has been originally published during a period dominated by rational thinking and the Enlightenment. In Perfume’s Grenouille, a character is created who is repulsive and ugly but that he had an uncanny skill to recognize beauty more than most. The characterization is very realistic, with Suskind painstakingly depicting the period and setting including the norms, prevailing philosophies, and so forth, making his fantastic claim about Grenouille’s uncanny olfactory ability believable. Grenouille’s apprenticeship, for instance, demonstrated the fidelity by which the author described the commercial system in France during the period. Then, there was the information about the odor of a female virgin as one with potential to capture the very smell of desirability. Another case in point is the scrutiny on Grenouille in the eyes of the pseudo-scientist Marquis de la Taillade-Espinasse, who opined that the poor man’s spotted and scarred body is caused by the corruptive effects of gases on the body (141). The notion was of course silly, but that given how ugly Gre nouille’s body looked, such depiction, in some perverse way, seem to actually make sense. Together, these information demonstrated the interplay of what is realistic and what is fictitious and that it is strong enough for Suskind to suggest a certain man without any odor whatsoever, and his readers certainly believed it is the most natural thing in the world. All in all, such device was employed in order to effectively present Perfume is about fairness – meting out punishment for bad deeds committed. It is actually a classically structured horror literature in the tradition of crime genre, glossed over by employing a unique narrative approach. Grenouille committed his killing spree and in the end, the very reason for his murders was what caused his destruction as well – poetic justice. But if one paid closer attention,

Personal Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Theory - Essay Example , 1986, 115-31) Feminist theory takes the position that the portrayal of the damsel in distress has a profound view on the self-perception as children tend to emulate the characteristics of their favorite characters in children’s literature and attempt to subscribe to their respective character traits. (Zipes, 1989, 185-200) Feminist theory takes the position that the damsel in distress portrays a view of human nature that perpetuates an entirely sexist view of human nature.(Kramer and Moore, 2001) The underlying message is that the female in distress does not have the ability to cope on her own and is dependent upon a males assistance for relief. The view of human nature in this distinction between female and male characterization is exemplified in Cinderella where the damsel in distress is rescued by a Prince Charming who holds out the promise of marriage, status, wealth and happiness. The heroine is helpless and powerless and cannot find redemption without male interference. Sleeping Beauty and Snow White are similar in their respective approaches to this view of human nature in that the heroine is passive and dependant upon the strong, rich and powerful male for redemptive value. Beauty and The Beast puts forward the strong male/weak female view of human nature in a different way. In this fairy tale, the male is aggressive, cruel and punishing and is eventually tamed by the self-sacrificing, beautiful female victim. The female heroine eventually comes to the realization that the male’s cruelty and aggression were all facades for his underlying love for the female and his actual cruel and violent outbursts were merely manifestations of his love for her. (Coward, 1984, 189) Girls who read these Fairy Tales obviously form a distorted view of their perceptions of the female’s role in society. Feminist theory advocates that girls tend to idealize these feminine traits and strive to emulate them. The role of the councilor is to help women who have

Nursing research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing - Research Paper Example The second step is the selection of participants within the clusters, that is, the participating students who volunteered for the intervention study (Chambers & Skinner, 2003). In determining the sample size, the research selected participants from fixed number of schools, but there was no restriction on the number of students per school. Furthermore, since there was no clear precision or specific characteristics for the sample, the selection method could be referred to unaided judgment. Among the issues related to the sample size is that they were from sixth and seventh grade classes with a mean age of 11.8 years. The purpose of the study is to take the participants through a program that would reduce development of devastating health problems among these participants. Another issue related to sample size is that among the participants, 53.0% were female, and since they were individuals still under adult care, 26.8% lived with both of their parents. Similarly, the selection criteria were based on volunteer by the participants with permission from their parents or guardians, and this also determined the sample size that the researchers ended up with at the end of the day. Moreover, there money was provided in exchange of participation, and given that these were students from low income families, this could have motivated the decision to volunteer, and thus, the sample size. Finally, there is the issue of low-income communities, which made the basis for the research, and thus, relates with the purpose of research. There is a good description of the purpose and all the issues related to this interventions research study. For instance, the intervention program is adequately described from the purpose, objectives, and all the requirements, as well as the participants. The level of measurement for the variables in this research was ordinary level of measurement, which ranges the variables from low to

Torture and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Torture and Ethics - Essay Example Hence, even with prisoners, there can be no excuse to place an individual in a situation wherein his / her rights are violated since the act of penalizing someone is nowhere close to the act of overlooking ones basic rights. As early as 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stipulates, in unqualified terms, that â€Å"no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment† (Evans, R, 2005, The Ethics of Torture). In the following year 1949 â€Å"the Geneva convention not only stipulated the provision for protection of enemy combatants and civilians but also instruct that unlawful combatants must be â€Å"treated with humanity and shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular trial† (Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 5) (Evans, R, 2005, The Ethics of Torture) . It must be noted that arguments regarding the act of torture that are pro and against it can be presented. â€Å"There is an old Jewish joke about two Y eshiva students who go to the rabbi to settle a heated legal dispute over which they have been arguing all day. Max, the first student, offers cogent theoretical and pragmatic arguments that forcefully make his point. The rabbi listens carefully and declares, ‘Max you are surely right!’ Next the second student, Joshua, presents his side with vigor. He makes clear and concise counter-arguments and demonstrates how his position is supported by precedent. He argues with such passion and persuasion that the Rabbi, after listening closely, says, ‘Brilliant arguments Joshua – you are clearly correct!’ After the students leave, the rabbi’s wife, who was listening in on the exchange, says to her husband, ‘Are you crazy? Max and Joshua had conflicting arguments, how can you say both of them are right? When one is right the other must be wrong!’ The rabbi thinks long and hard on this and finally says to his wife, ‘You know what? You t oo are right!’† (Wijze. S. d., 2005, The Torture Debate in America) Both arguing sides are sure to have valid reasons to support their arguments but what is important that a society understands the moral worth of such an act, the moral duty of every member of the society, as well as result of such an act to society. If a society where to gauge the moral worth of its actions by the consequences that it produces, then the act of torture might be viewed as something acceptable. For instance, torturing a captured alleged terrorist for information that can ultimately lead to the alleviation of terrible events, can be a worthwhile reason to justify the act of torture. Take for example the captured Al-Qaeda members. â€Å"the goal of American officials was chiefly to acquire information that could be used to prevent a future terrorist attack. In particular, the capture of high-ranking al-Qaeda members such as Abu Zubaida, Mohamed al-Kahtani, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed raised the possibility that American officials may have custody of individuals with extremely valuable "actionable intelligence," in the lingo of military intelligence officials. Intelligence personnel naturally made it a high priority to get these detainees to talk. Because many suspected militants had proven to be skilled at resisting traditional, noncoercive interrogation techniques such as promises of leniency in exchange for cooperation, American officials sought advice to see whether it would be legally permissible to use certain coercive techniques on "high value"

Identification of Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Unknown Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Identification of Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Unknown Bacteria Essay Obesity is a word that everyone is currently familiar with. The media and health professionals have been working tirelessly to make the general public aware of its prevalence and detriments to society. With the staggering statistics of 32.2% prevalence in adults and a range of 13.9% to 18.9% prevalence in children and adolescents, these outstanding numbers stand out for themselves. (1) Increasing rates of obesity are associated with higher risk factors for other diseases such as; Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, diverticulitis, cancer of the endometrium, and breast cancer. (2) Knowing how to combat obesity will lead to decreased complications of the condition as well as a lower risk factor for other diseases. In light of these significant numbers, our group chose to explore the relationship of dietary fiber to aid in the prevention and treatment of obesity, therefore also reducing the incidence other diseases. Our focus was on making a hot meal with a simple modification to increase the dietary fiber available. The original recipe is a white rice pilaf with the adjustment being made with a substitution of brown rice. This change will boost the fiber intake from 0.8g per serving to 2.6g per serving. The represents a substantial jump in accessibility to a vital part of our diet. We expect favorable results in the acceptance of our modification. The texture is a bit hardier, cooking time is longer, and cost is slightly higher, but we believe the benefits outweigh these variables. The RDA recommends between 25g-30g a day, but the average American receives only 12g-13g per day.(3) With this easy alteration, we hope to increase these low numbers that the average American receives up to the reco mmended levels. Purpose The purpose of our research study is to substitute brown rice for white rice in a pilaf. This pilaf can be eaten for lunch or dinner as a hot side dish or main dish. It is intended to introduce a serving of a whole grain in the diet and with it bring an increase dietary fiber. Literature Review Introduction The frequent occurrence of this disease, as mentioned above, has produced many scientific research studies concentrating on remedying and reversing the trend. Finding and interpreting the results was uncomplicated. I used the online databases; Google Scholar, Medline, and Cinhal to gather my data. My keywords included obesity and dietary fiber. I assembled strong studies that encompassed sample sizes ranging from 11-74,091 participants, with timelines up to twelve years, and accommodating populations in the United States, Spain, Finland, Brazil, Italy, Greece, the former Yugoslavia, Japan, Serbia, Belgrade, and The Netherlands. These studies centered on three different aspects of the relationship between dietary fiber and weight. These are expanded upon below. A synopsis of the reviewed studies can be found in Appendix 1. Correlations of the Development of Obesity Seven out of the ten studies compared the connection between dietary fiber intake and the development or current status of obesity. (2, 4-9) All studies included self reported questionnaires to collect sociodemographic, health history, physical activity, anthropometric, bowel movements, and dietary data. The most common dietary form used was the Food Frequency Questionnaire, with six complying. (2, 4-5, 7-9) The last study utilized twenty-four hour recalls. (6) Other measurements included height, weight, and subscapular skinfold thickness. The entire body of findings revealed that higher fiber intake was inversely related to long term weight gain and increased body fat. Reporting measures were diverse but included the same positive trend. Higher fiber intake equated to an average weight of 1.52kg less, a 48-49% lower risk of weight gain, and a BMI that was 1.5 less when compared to low fiber intake. Some studies investigated other variables in addition to increasing fiber. One study addressed physical activity in addition to increased fiber as a therapy. (5) This study along with another explored the incorporation of a low fat diet along with the high fiber diet. In both, dietary fat was not directly associated with reduction of body fat or obesity but showed a compounding result when correlated with higher fiber. A lower BMI difference of 2.75 was established on a low fat and high fiber diet. (6) Development of Diseases related to Obesity Two studies were taken on to look into the increased use of fiber to decrease the risk of obesity leading to Type 2 diabetes. (10, 11) In a large cohort with a sample size just under 36,000, self reported dietary and weight figures were collected. (10) After six years of follow up, the statistics were analyzed and the results showed a 22% lower risk of the development of diabetes from the highest quintile of dietary fiber intake. These optimistic results were in consensus with the other study. This study had more stringent controls and divided participants into two groups. (11) One received standard care and the other received intensive exercise and dietary counseling. Oral glucose tolerance tests and body composition measurements were calculated. After a four year follow up, the high fiber group gained 75% less than their low fiber counterparts, 0.7kg gain versus 3.1kg gain, respectively. Treatment of Obesity The last study out of the ten engaged the most scientific disciplines. (12) The sample was already obese. They participated in controlled feeding in a metabolic kitchen. The cross over design allowed for six weeks on either a low or high fiber diet with a six week washout period in between them. Daily logs were kept and an OGTT and Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp was used every two weeks for measuring results. At the conclusion, fasting insulin was 10% lower, the AUC was lowered, and the rate of glucose infusion was higher after the higher fiber diet. Limitations All of the studies employed self reporting figures in some form, whether the basis of all of their information or for at least some part. This may lead to underreporting, overreporting, or misinterpretation. The definition of a whole-grain or high fiber food varied among studies. Recipe and ingredient databases or non-comprehensive food frequency questionnaires may aid in inaccurate recordings of intake. Although the study utilizing the metabolic kitchen was the best scientific representation among the studies it is worth mentioning that it was sponsored and funded by the General Mills Corporation. This could lead to a possible conflict of interest and hence a limitation to the studies findings. Conclusion The complete compilation of studies supports the purpose of our recipe modification. Each emphasized the importance of replacing low fiber foods with fiber rich foods to help prevent or reduce weight gain. The significant correlation between fiber and obesity has been established in this review. The protective role of fiber, along with physical activity and dietary fat, should be included in advice and management therapies tailored to this condition and other related to it. Materials and Methods For our subjective evaluation we designed three separate score cards; demographic, evaluation, and preference. Samples of the score cards can be found in Appendix 2. Sociodemographic For the demographic background we included questions regarding age range, household income range, ethnicity, and educations. We also included six questions probing background information on exposure and open-mindedness of our products.

Multimedia Using Adobe After Effects Computer Science Essay

Multimedia Using Adobe After Effects Computer Science Essay Increase in technology making wider use of multimedia and its applications. For a good presentation multimedia is used to present in very effective and innovative way. Every internet technology makes use of this multimedia. To bring a good output in any broadcasting medias multimedia is used. In general the term multimedia has many definitions; each author denotes it in their own ways. According to J Grimes it is The combination of two or more media(J Grimes,1998). Media can be anything like audio, video, graphics, images, text etc. Multimedia is in the form of global hierarchical system, the software of this applications provides direct communication to their users. Multimedia is used not only in internet but also in intranet like LAN (Local Area Networks). To get the information or to access the remote systems or servers the request or information must pass through multimedia to the networks. Because before sending the data to the network the media files should be compressed with the help of multimedia to avoid the communication delay. At the receiving end some of the constraints like delay, jitter will be used for the effective transmission of audio and video files. This is the reason why communications network technologies are increasing rapidly. To produce an effective animation with good effects multimedia and its applications are widely used. To produce good effects there are many versions and softwares available in the market. Of them Adobe After Effects is the one which produces affective result (CH Wu, 2009). The earlier version of After effects is CoSA which came in January 1993 supports only MAC (Adobe, 2008). From then to till now many versions were evolved with adding extra features to the existing. Some emerged versions supports only MAC systems some are compatible with WINDOWS operating system; some are with command prompt like UNIX and LINUX. There are also versions which also support both the operating systems. The Prior version of CoSA was later in 1994 attained by the Adobe Company (Adobe, 2008). From then, that brand released many versions including Page Maker and Adobe After Effects. The primary use of Adobe After effects is to create motion graphics and visual effects, which allows user to alter, animate and composite media in 2D and 3D space with its various built-in tools and plug-ins. After effects and some NLEs (Non Linear Editing systems) are layer oriented this means each and every object media has its own individual tracks. In contrast this also has track oriented system which means all media objects fall in to same track without overlapping each other. This makes editing easier and can comprise with less efforts. There are different software packages available to support not only small volumes of media objects, but also support large volumes of data. The better suited software for large volume data is Appleshake. Using Shy switch adobe After effects will oppose the clutter selectively by hiding the layers (Adobe, 2008). The main interface consists of several panels of them the three most important are Project Panel, Composition Panel and Timeline Panel. The Project panel acts as interface to import stills, audio and video footage items. The footage items used here are in the time line panel, where timing and layer order can be adjusted. In composition panel the items visible at the current time marker are displayed. This report starts by giving a brief knowledge about the multimedia and its applications, Adobe After effects. Later discusses about the existing features in After effects and future advancements for the same. Finally the summary includes. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW To support each and every common individual need multimedia is used. So, todays globalised world is known as The world of Multimedia(Slawson, 1993). The features of multimedia are used not only for creation of movies or for animation with good effects. This is also used in many organisations for communicating over the networks. As electronic process for teaching technologies is becoming more expensive, an interactive process of learning method was introduced through multimedia (Slawson, 1993). Interactive learning multimedia is treated as process, rather than the technology which always provides potential knowledge for the updated technologies (Slawson, 1993). To create such classes in interactive and effective way Adobe after effects is used. Adobe is used to create, edit and alter the motion graphics for DVD, video, Film etc. The latest versions of Adobe has many more extra features which gives good composting and resulting in a blockbuster results. Though multimedia is expensive t o learn, the significance of it is increasing day by day because of its enormous effects and capability. So many people are showing interest towards learning the same. To become a multimedia professional no prior qualifications are required. There are no age or gender constraints, so anyone can become professional in this at anytime. Innovation of ideas is important here because to edit an existing graphical image or to create new motion picture creativity is important. Composting software packages like Apple shake are used to create a node or workflow process. Each package has its own importance the importance of those and its features will be discussed in detail in the coming sections. Multimedia In todays world the term multimedia is used very often. Till now there is no standard definition of multimedia each author describes it in their own convenient way (B Furht, 1998). The term media refers to a form of human interaction that is amenable to computer capture processing such as audio, video, graphics, text, images etc and the term multi refers to the combination of the media present in a single application( B Furht, 1998). Multimedia Compression and Technologies Standards There are many widely accepted technologies in the world of multimedia, every day many new technologies are emerging in to the market. So, the importance of products changes from day to day life. But all emerged and existing products are based on some standards which are used for compression. Let us now discuss in brief about some of those standards and products like Quick Time player, Video for Windows, Indeo [1] ( Intel Video) (CH Wu, 2009). There are also some new and basic standards like ISO (International Standard Organisation) and MHEG (Multimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group) (CH Wu, 2009). Basing on these standards the compression techniques follows. 2.1.1(A) Quick Time Player Quick Time is a basic technology developed by Apple Computers (CH Wu, 2009). The format of this media is compatible with almost all Operating systems like Linux, Windows (NT/95/XP/7) and for all apple computers (CH Wu, 2009). This technology is the most commonly accepted mass storage for multimedia communications. The media format of this supports MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group) which is an ISO- standard, Indeo (Intel Video). This also supports the photo CD format for Kodaks and MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) (CH Wu, 2009). The main intention behind developing this technology is such that it can be used by anyone without any charge. So it is a trusted player which can be easily downloaded from the internet with free of cost. 2.1.1 (B) Video for Windows The technology Video for Windows (VFW) was developed by Microsoft especially for Windows environment (95/NT/XP). After this technology Active Movie emerged with in no time this replaced VFW and designed in such a way that it supports the VFW technology (CH Wu, 2009).Then after multimedia world has experienced an excellent technology which not only supports video but also audio files and that file is AVI( Audio Video Interleave). These file formats play back with a small size of 320240 pixels (quarter VGA screen) using the software. If the processor is of Intel versions it plays with the size of 640480 pixels (quarter VGA screen) because Intel computer can able to cope up with good graphics accelerator by using run length encoding method to compress the information(CH Wu, 2009). In addition to it, this also supports player formats like quick time and Indeo by using video compression algorithms. 2.1.1 (C) Indeo (Intel Video) The basic intention behind developing this product is not only to play back audio and video files, but also to store it on a personal Computer (PC). So this was originally developed by the David Samoff research Center for the conversion of NTSC (National Television System Committee) analog signal in to digital video signal (CH Wu, 2009). The software of this may be a choice for compression in Quick time and Video for Windows. The major comparison among the above two technologies and Indeo product is Quick time and VFW will be compressed by the software and hardware will be used for Indeo which achieves higher frame rate with better resolutions. For compression of Indeo through hardware the requirements are a PC size card using DVI (Digital Video Interface) technology which is based on 1750 chipset of Intel (CH Wu, 2009). Indeo uses the Compression technique called Vector Quantization with run length coding in the ratio of 160:1. Video Conferencing is the major application of Indeo wh ich can store minimum of 70 minutes video in a CD-ROM. Based on Video Conferencing application Intel has launched one more product named PCWG (Personal Conferencing Work Group). The compression technique used here is software instead of hardware to cope up with reasonable cost. Intel has developed many products based on different standards. As Indeo is based on Vector Quantization it works much faster than MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group) and H.261.This is an ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union- Telecommunication) Video Conferencing standard based on DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) (CH Wu, 2009). 2.1.1 (D) MHEG (Multimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group) To control the presentations of multimedia and hypermedia MHEG is a standard prepared by ISO for a set of object classes. To support the multi vendor client or server environment MHEG-5 technique was introduced (CH WU, 2009). Vendors who developed applications in this environment have feasibility that application can be developed once and later information can be interchangeable according to the end user (client/vendor) environment. MHEG has additional multimedia handling capabilities like it is used for representation between different computers and compatible with all typ0e of OS, has 3 different spatial coordinates compared to HTML (Hypertext Markup language). This is good at time synchronisation. ARMIDA service which is a product prototype developed for video conferencing (CH WU, 2009). COMPRESSION STANDARDS There are many widely accepted compression standards like GIF (Graphical Information Format) which is mostly used for internet services and ISO (International standard Organization) standard for high quality of delivery. This report illustrates about the two major ISO compression standards which are accepted worldwide. 2.1.2(A) JPEG (Joint Picture Expert Group) This standard is used for compressing and decompressing the colour or gray scale images which was set by ISO standard. JPEG is used for compressing the still pictures like images, graphics, colour FAX, audio graphical conference, desktop publishing etc. The standards of JPEG follow four coding processes. Base Line System: This is a simple and efficient system which is suitable for many of the applications. To encode the data it uses sequential coding which means data passes in a single through which produces 8 bit resolution for each input (CH WU, 2009). Extended System: The extended system improves the quality of base line system by producing 12 resolution bits. For encoding the data is uses arithmetic coding by progressive build-up. This progresses low frequency blurred image to higher frequency quality image and successive approximation for most significant to least significant bits (CH Wu, 2009). Progressive build-up is suitable for communication sensitive applications. Arithmetic encoding compresses almost 5-10% better when compared with Huffman coding. Hierarchical encoding method: The name itself indicates it is hierarchical, so it build-up the data from low to high. This means it follows the pyramid shape model form low pixels to high pixels. It uses DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) encoding method for comparison between current and succeeding frame (CH Wu, 2009). This supports both 8 and 12 bit resolutions. Lossless Method: This is widely used in medical applications where exact reconstruction of the image is required. Each pixels digital value can be 2 or 16 bits. It supports sequential encoding and also user has a choice of selecting encoding methods either arithmetic or Huffman coding (CH Wu, 2009). This does not make use of DCT. Fig 1: Block Diagram of JPEG compression scheme [http://www.design-reuse.com/articles/17954/jpeg-application-engine.html] 2.1.2(B) MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group) The MPEG standard was developed by the ISO/ JTC1/SC29/ WG11 for compressing motion pictures in contrast to JPEG which is used for still images (CH Wu, 2009). MPEG standards specify and concentrate on decoding process with bit syntax format. It leaves a separate space for encoding process. This has two standards MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 in addition to this there is one more standard which is under progress MPEG-4. Let us discuss in brief about the same. MPEG-1: For compressing video on digital storage like CD-ROM MPEG-1 is used (CH Wu, 2009). In storage media the compression is rate about 1 to 1.5 Mbps (Mega bit per second) and in communication networks its range is about 6 to 9 with compression ratio of approximately 130:1. MPEG-2: In addition to the video compression on media it also used for compressing interlaced digital video in cable, satellite TV, HDTV (High Definition TV), High- quality digital storage media and video service through communications with range of [6-9]. The compression ratio of this is 30-100:1 (CH Wu, 2009). MPEG-4: This is a long term project which was started in 1993 with the expected completion year as 1998 (CH Wu, 2009). This sets for all type of applications and has advanced coding method. It has got the following features in addition to the compression potential. Content based scalability and error prone environments have universal access capabilities by providing good robustness. Content based interactivity for multimedia access, manipulation and bit-stream editing (CH Wu, 2009). In addition to this it has coding methods like hybrid natural and synthetic methods with improved random access which is temporary. In MPEG-4 MSDL ( MPEG-4 Syntactic Description Language ) was introduced to describe the flexibility of bit stream structure, configuring, decoding of the program, selecting, describing, editing, and downloading. MSDL include tools, profiles and algorithms. Profile may be a single or combinations of one or more algorithms. Algorithm is a collection of tools for providing one or more functionality. Tools are simple and basic technique (CH Wu, 2009). Syntax of MSDL layer FLEX 0 This is used in switching between pre-defined algorithms like MPEG-1, MPEG-2, JPEG, etc (CH Wu, 2009). FLEX 1 This syntax is for configuring decoders using standard tools like DCT and Huffman coding (CH Wu, 2009). FLEX 2 used for tool updating and downloading (CH Wu, 2009). Fig 2: Block Diagram of MPEG encoder [http://www.altera.com.cn/end-markets/broadcast/delivery/encoder/bro-encoder.html] Multimedia Applications Now-a-days we can find the use of multimedia in not only media, entertainment and arts field but also in almost all places and in all services like hospitals, government organisations. Its also used in the field of education departments like physics, mathematics etc. The following are some of the important applications of multimedia. Commercial Purpose Creativity is most widely useful in these areas because for doing any type of business a good popularity is vital. For launching a product a good advertisement is necessary where in which creativity should be used here to deal with. Education To make the classes interactively for the students multimedia is used by giving SFX and VFX effects. Entertainment Multimedia is basically developed for this field where different types of media are included. Used to create animation movies, multimedia games. Many video games include multimedia techniques which are a good time pass and in addition to it this improves the knowledge of the player. Multimedia games can be available through online to play or it can also be obtained through CDs. In Mathematical and Scientific field Multimedia has extensive range of use in the research field. Because after creation of a particular molecule or a single substance using multimedia that molecule will be studied by enlarging the size or increasing the properties of it. In this way multimedia will also be used in the field of calculations. For creation of any visual or animation graphics the most commonly used effects are special effects popularly known as SFX and visual effects named as VFX. To edit these there are many editing softwares available of them the most popular editing software is Adobe After Effects which commonly known as AE. Adobe After Effects (AE) Adobe After effects is mainly used for workflow process management for colour processing. To achieve a perfect quality of colour blended emotions or graphics to the images AE is used. The currently used software for editing in version of AE is AECS5. Prior to this there are many previous versions which are used for colour blending process. The basic version of Adobe is CoSA and the code name for it is egg in the year of 1993 in January (Adobe, 2008). The features of this are mask with layered compositing, effects, keyframes, transforms (Adobe, 2008). In the same year but in the month of May one more version of it is released but with extended features. Both versions of these CoSA1.0 and 1.1 support MAC operating system (Adobe, 2008). From then to till now there have been many technologies and versions evolved. The report concentrates on AE and its versions. Adobe After Effects CS5 To succeed in todays media culture visual richness and outstanding performance is required which can be obtained through CS5. Its new 64-bit native support helps most of the computers to work more efficiently with complex projects like HD, 2k and 4K. A broad range of innovative features from the new roto brush allows for creating the stream line of workflow. This enables to create ordinary graphics in to extra ordinary graphics which results in blockbuster effects while delivering the work with variety of screens. 2.3.1(A) Features of CS5 64-bit performance support: To craft complex 3D scenes it works flexibly with all types of available RAM and different types of processors (Adobe, 2008). It is easy to work on large frames, camera moves, preview of long deep layered composites, a single layer can be viewed in to different types of output format. The four colour channels of this are red, blue, green, alpha. Fig 3: 64-bit native support [http://www.attotech.com/solutions/Adobe/] Format memory requirements standard definition 720486 pixels x 4 color channels* x 8 bpc =1.33 megabytes/frame10 seconds @ 29.97 fps = 398.6MB (Adobe, 2008) high definition 19201080 pixels x 4 color channels* x 16 bpc =15.82 megabytes/frame10 seconds @ 23.976 fps = 3.7GB (Adobe, 2008). Digital cinema 40962304 pixels x 4 color channels* x 32 bpc =144 megabytes/frame10 seconds @ 24 fps =33.75GB (Adobe, 2008). Visual Innovation: After Effects CS5 includes Mocha for After Effects CS5 v2 with the Mocha Shape plug-in, Color Finesse 3, and Digieffects FreeForm (Adobe, 2008). As these are third party plug-ins included with CS5 the user interface was installed in only English language. Efficient Composition: Performs composite productions very faster with maximum bit depth rate because of the new roto brush tool. There is a new support for colour LUTs (Look Up Table) and other breakthroughs. Production of pipelines was excellent and in complex digital workflow productions good support of XMP metadata is important.CS5 completely uses innovation of technology everywhere (Adobe, 2008). Deliver everywhere: Work with a wider range of media types-now including AVC-Intra and expanded RED camera support-and render the final results in formats from mobile media to feature films at maximum bit depth and resolution, using industry-unique colour management and new custom Colour Look-Up Table (LUT) support to help ensure accurate results across a variety of delivery platforms (Adobe, 2008). The Adobe After effects not only works well in Windows environment but also it is compatible also with MAC and can produce good result. The Roto brush tool is a very powerful tool which separates foreground and background and chooses which environment and position of scale sets to fix the image. If drawing a position of image is unsure then positioning an outline on the picture with roto brush gives good result. The digieffects which is a free from effects which gives 3D modelling effects. 3. RESEARCH In multimedia applications the effects used are like SFX and VFX to edit this Adobe after effects are used. The following are the key point which I found in my research on this topic. Adobe After Effects is an application which is used for 3D Compositing and as well as visual effects. It is one of the most top10 compositing software. Well coming to software, there are more drawbacks on that compare to newer versions. Newer application is more user friendly and more reliable compare to previous versions. It supports all types of major media formats for both import and export. In newer version i.e., After Effects CS5, it only supports 64bit Os. So application can take more memory from Os which support up to 64GB of memory. So that huge amount of data can be accessed through local HDD (Hard Disk Drive) and also from network. The speed of the drive can be experienced by using 1Gbps of LAN. But in this the main issue is multitask cannot be performed. This means at a time only application can be run and processed. Due to this backlog, working on more files at a time is not possible so the process becomes time consuming one. The drawback of this issue can be overcome by installing the application and plugins which we used in more than one application. But it takes 2-3Hrs of time moreover it is a time consuming program. In addition to it one user cant work on multiple projects/files at a time. 4. PROPOSED SOLUTION To overcome the delay process, there is a trick which should be followed to open multiple applications. The trick is as follows. I.e., just add the letter -M after the path at target tab. The image is as follows. Using this script multiple applications can be opened at a time which works faster and also save the time depending on the configuration of the user machine. If the machine is of good configuration a very good quality of speed can be experienced. Fig4:Explanation of Multi Application 4.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Adobe After Effects CS5 boost the performance and results in a high quality of production. Its features like roto brush tool used to create and separate foreground and background images without much time. Its third party plug-ins increases robustness and efficiency of the program. Its 64-bit native support makes the process compatible with all type of processors. Use good colour blending and movie rendering techniques which gives good effects with innovation of ideas. This also supports auto key frame modes and provides flexibility to customer or client for choosing his own colour Look Up Tables (LUT). In any product there are not only advantages but also we can find disadvantages. This paragraph discusses all about the disadvantages of CS5. For installing CS5 the OS should support some features like OSx10.5.7 (Adobe, 2008). As this supports 64-bit native support every third party plug-in of it should be upgraded to the same. This is not only time taking process but also costly process. CS5 is not compatible with older versions so every time backward version like CS4 must be installed in addition to the CS5. This makes to work on the current projects without difficulty. Installing on a single PC two or more versions decreases the speed of the processor as older versions works only on 32-bit applications. For AE lights and other 3D layers there is no real interaction of 3D. So the lights and 3D layers should be applied separately in Photoshop this is another important drawback which should be considered. 5. CONCLUSION This report describes briefly about the multimedia and its applications. A very clear and basic explanation about working flow of Adobe After Effects and its current version CS5 which is popularly known as AECS5. This paper also discusses about the problem of opening multi applications at a time and provided the solution for the same. The detailed explanation about the roto brush tool and its importance is provided. This research has clearly explained the merits and demerits of AE (AE CS5). As the technology has good advancements in day to day life the long term project which is still in progress should come out with good advancements. The future advancements of this technology can be upgrading the software with built in lights and 3D effects with good real 3D interaction. CS5 must be compatible with backward versions of CS like CS4 and Cs3. In addition to this there can be many future advancements based on the technology developed. (4300 words excluded references and index) ABBREVIATIONS LAN- Local Area Network AE- Adobe After Effects NLE- Non Linear Editing Systems DVD- Digital Video Disk INDEO- Intel Video MHEG-Multimedia Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group MIDI- Musical Instrument Digital Interface VFW- Video For Windows AVI- Audio Video Interface DVI- Digital Video Interface MPEG- Motion Picture Expert Group JPEG- Joint Picture Expert Group ITU-T International Telecommunication Union- Telecommunication DCT- Discrete Cosine Transform HTML- Hyper Text Markup Language GIF- Graphical Interchange Format ISO- International Standard Organisation HDTV- High Definition TV MSDL- MPEG-4 Syntactic Description Language SFX- Special Effects VFX- Visual Effects LUT- Look Up Table

Causes of the Global Financial Crisis

Causes of the Global Financial Crisis 1. What were the main causes of the global financial crisis? What steps could the UK government take to reduce the dangers of another crisis? Discuss using course material AND your own research. Introduction: Through Globalization different country get the opportunity for international trade, increase the capacity of capital flows and spread the uses of technology by enhancing the global economic condition (IMF: 1997). Over the last 30 years especially in the mid 80s and mid 90s cross border transaction increased ten times faster than before and foreign direct investment increased three times faster than before (Economist: 1997). The globalization has involved national economies which are incorporated through trade and foreign investment. It has also created the difference between manufacturing and services by using different technology and processing (Kobrin: 1999). Gereffi says, â€Å"Due to this globalization the global economy has changed during the last ten years and so. Many development countries also moved up in the international system.† The origination of global financial crisis After the second quarter of 2008 the US financial market collapsed and the global financial crisis started. As US is the leader for all international financial systems the crisis has extended to the other countries rapidly. The decreasing rate of cash flows, decrease in asset prices and increasing rate of uncertainty in financial systems affected the whole global economy and starts the financial crisis globally. After the great Depression in 50s this is the largest economic breakdown as described the International Monetary Fund in 2009 (Frenkel Rapetti: 2009). The View of the Current Global Crisis: This global economy is struck by the recent economic crisis and mainly worsens the financial condition since September 2008. In Latin America the economic condition condensed in the second quarter in 2008. The causes of the financial crisis were foreign remittances of Latin America have reduced in 2% and the rate of international trade also reduced to 2-3% in this economic downturn. Most of the countries which economy is driven by the foreign trade are hampered due to this economic downturn. The decreasing rate of export commodity prices including the export industry commodity prices also lead to the financial crisis in recent years and results in lower GDP rate. However the economic shock results in export revenue plunged. Also the instable exchange rate and increased yield price disintegrate the stock market (Ocampo: 2009). Morgan (2009) found out few susceptibility of the global financial crisis. Those are debt and leverage, intra-financial multiplication, inequality in global tra de. This economic downturn showed up mainly after the fall down of Lehman Brothers in 2008. New US Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner pointed out some factors in G7 conference, â€Å"in order to improve the financial condition all countries should maintain a pledge to open trade and investment policies.† He also pointed out some factors to be improved in order to get the economic growth. The factors are: Praise for recent economic moves by China; Help for banks; and The need for a speedy end to the Doha talks on world trade The Steps Could be Taken by the UK Government to Recover this Global Financial Crisis Improving the modern time global economic crisis has become the greatest challenge for every government. To recover the global economic crisis UK government should plan the necessary steps: must re-establish the confidence, growth, and jobs; The finance institutions need to be renovate to provide loan in order to restructure the faith financial regulation need to be toughen. International financial institutions need to be altered and funded in order to recover this crisis and take precautions for future crisis. build an complete, emerald, and sustainable recovery. The global economy can be out of recession and can be out of future crisis with above assurance by performing globally. Re-establish the confidence, growth, and jobs In order to re-establish jobs UK government should take a unique and intensive financial growth by creating jobs to the hard working families by the end of this year amount to $5 trillion raise output by 4 per cent, and accelerate the transition to a green economy UK government should use the full range of monetary policy, using exceptional instruments, consistent with price stability and central bank should maintain the development policies for longer time. In order to reinstate the growth of the economy UK government must reinstate the national lending and international capital flows. To overcome these situations UK government need to supply liquidity to the banking system and benefits the financial institutions. UK government needs to carry out well functioning international monitoring system in order to avoid competitive devaluation of UK currency by creating structured economic policies. Finance institutions need to be renovate to provide loan The global economic crises are mainly driven through the failure of financial sector and financial regulations of every country. To recover the situation UK government should take positive steps by constructing a reliable, supervisory and dogmatic framework for the future financial sector. This framework would support the global growth and fulfill the demand of the business and local citizens. UK government must ensure that to maintain the global financial system the national regulatory systems need to strong enough to provide reliability and cooperation between countries. The regulatory systems will be stronger if regulators and supervisors protect consumers and investors and reduce the financial economic cycle rather than increase it. UK government should implement a plan to Strengthening the Financial System. The plan includes: new financial stability board (FSB) need to be formed. This FSB would provide future predictions of financial risks and also necessary steps with the help of IMF. macro-prudential risks need to be taken to organize the regulatory systems after the recovery reliability of capital in the banking system need to be confirmed through quality, quantity. To carry out this implementation plant the finance minister should take the necessary step. Financial regulation need to be toughened Due to the recession all the markets around the world are facing challenges. As the international market is depending on each other with the cross border transaction and relating to this matter the UK government should strengthen the international financial institutions to recover this situation. So this government needs to increase its resources through the global financial institutions. Resources should be used effectively to support the financial progress. The longer term consequences of the financial institutions need to be toughened to overcome this crisis. A fair and sustainable recovery need to make sure UK government should not focus to re-establish the growth of the global economy but they also should focus on the criterion which has hampered the economy of the underdeveloped country. The Government should also ensure that the damage to the global economy should be minimized. UK Government should provide more resources to recover their financial condition and should create a social protection for the underdeveloped countries. As a part of the G20 UK government can do some contributions to those underdeveloped countries. They should create employment opportunities for those who are affected by this financial crisis. For both the men and women the labor market needs to be formed. Fulfill the commitment However this is most important for everyone to work together and set up a plan to fulfill the commitment to recover the financial crisis and make sure this crisis will not continue further after the second quarter of this year. Conclusion; After all the analysis it is clear that global financial crisis has created major impact on the global economy. Many developed, developing and underdeveloped countries are badly affected by this crisis. Since US market directly motivating the other countries market so it is clear that the crisis started form there and spread out to the global economy. Some countries faced reduction in remittances due to this financial crisis. Many countries stock price has decreased due to the exploitation of currency exchange rate. To overcome this situation all the government should implement dependable macroeconomic policies and impose regulation on national financial systems. In developing countries the crisis is getting deteriorated in terms of balance of payments and the economic sense of balance. References 1. Shiller, Robert J. The subprime solution: how todays global financial crisis happened. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. 2. Summer, Lawrence H.† International Financial Crises: Causes, Prevention, and Cures†. The American Review, May, 2000, pp. 1-16. 3. Blankburg, Palma. â€Å"The Global Financial Crisis†. Cambridge Journal of Economics, July 1, 2009, pp. 531-538. 4. Crotty, James. â€Å"Structural causes of the global financial crisis: a critical assessment of the new financial architecture†. Cambridge Journal of Economics, April 23, 2009, pp. 563-580. 5. Morgan, Jamie. â€Å"The limits of central bank policy: economic crisis and the challenge of effective solutions.† Cambridge Journal of Economics, March 31, 2009, pp. 581-608. 6. Frankel, Roberto. â€Å"A developing country view of the current global crisis: what should not be forgotten and what should be done.† Cambridge Journal of Economics, March 25, 2009, pp. 685-702. 7. Ocampo, Josie. A. â€Å"Latin America and the global financial crisis.† Cambridge Journal of Economics, March 13, 2009, pp. 703-724. 8. [Global Financial Crisis], via JSTORE, accessed[February/2009]. 9. â€Å"G7 pledges to avoid protectionism†, BBC News, 14 February, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7889222.stm. accessed February 2010. 10. Sing, Anup. â€Å"Global Financial Crisis†, Global Issues, 25 July, 2009. http://www.globalissues.org/article/768/global-financial-crisis. accessed in February 2010.

Azalea Seafood Gumbo Shoppe Essay -- Business Marketing Case Study, so

Azalea Seafood Gumbo Shoppe Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Found in approximately 1000 supermarkets and 300 restaurants, Azalea Seafood and Gumbo Shoppe is among the largest producers of ready-to-eat gumbo with annual revenues in 2000 of more than $1 million. The company's gumbo was their best selling item earning nearly 90% of yearly sales. Although Azalea has a competitive advantage with its tasty gumbo, Azalea is looking to maintain long-term growth and obtain a sustainable competitive advantage. In order increase its profitability, the company needs to consider options to improve its business strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently Azalea's facilities are located in a small country side building and many large restaurants do not find it at par with their standards. This causes Azalea to lose sales from businesses like Applebee?s and Cracker Barrel. In addition, major highways for the rapid distribution of their product are not available and easily accessible. Despite the location, Azalea?s owners are satisfied with the new facility and its improved capabilities, compared to that of their old location.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to increase sales by 50% and help Azalea to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage, the company needs to develop four strategic plans. The first one includes staying in their current location. Staying at this location will maintain their satisfaction with the facility and allow them to maximize their efficiency. Next, Azalea should implement a Total Quality Management (...

Vanadyl Sulfate: Could it be a wonder drug for the future? :: Sports Medicine Health Essays

Vanadyl Sulfate: A Wonder Drug For The Future? Introduction In the competitive world of sports, athletes are always trying to get an edge. When practice is not enough, many athletes try to change their diets to gain an advantage over the competition. To make more educated decisions about what they eat, many athletes look closely at what happens to food once it enters their bodies. From studying the gastrointestinal and endocrine systems, athletes and researchers have learned to appreciate the role of insulin in athletic performance. In order to enhance performance, researchers have developed a product called vanadyl sulfate, which supposedly mimics the effects of insulin. While its effectiveness as a workout supplement is still in question, vanadyl sulfate also has promise as a possible alternative treatment for diabetes. The Insulin Theory To properly comprehend the importance of insulin and the rational behind wanting to increase it artificially, one must first understand the process of sugar metabolism. Sugar metabolism is the process by which the body converts food into energy that can be used by muscle cells. (http://encarta.msn.com/find/default.asp) The process begins when enzymes break down food into glucose, a simple six carbon sugar that can be easily absorbed in the intestine. From there, the hormone insulin plays several important roles. It is obvious that the cells that make up a person need energy to survive and function. Insulin is crucial in the delivery of energy to cells. In the body, glucose is the standard form of energy after digestion. Unfortunately, glucose's size and structure make it hard for the molecule to pass through the outer membranes of many of the body's cells. Insulin helps to fix this problem. Specifically, insulin bonds with the outer membrane of cells to increase permeability. This enables glucose to pass through the cell membrane more easily and gives the cell access to more energy. Without insulin, it is extremely difficult for glucose in the blood to be used by the body's cells as energy. Conversely, an abundance of insulin increases the rate at which glucose is used by the cells and therefore lowers the amount of glucose left in the bloodstream (Guyton, Hall, 972). In addition to helping to provide the cell with energy, insulin can also help the cell in other ways.

Canadian business laws and regulations Essay

The Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) applies the Food and Drug Regulations and the Medical Devices Regulations under the authority of the Food and Drugs Act to ensure that the pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices that are offered for sale in Canada are safe, effective and are of high quality. The TPD also administers fee regulations for drugs and medical devices under the authority of the Financial Administration Act. All Federal Acts and associated Regulations are available on the Justice Web site. The CMDR or The Canada medical device regulation laws can be downloaded from the following website below. http://laws. justice. gc. ca/en/notice/index. html? redirect=%2Fen%2Ff-27%2Fsor-98-282%2Ftext. html Its important that each law and clause is well read and analyzed before submission of the evidence/test report for the device approval. C: MY ROLE AS AN ENTREPRENEUR: I would be involved in strategic planning and management of the company. My work would preferably be product development and testing working in synchronization with the design and testing team. I would pick my own team and assign duties and responsibilities to each member of the team. PART 3: A: MARKETING: MARKET ANALYSIS: The market for spinal implants in South-east Asia is still nascent. The need would be to convince the people of long term benefits of a spinal implant in comparison to alternative medicines. This would not only alleviate back pain but also would improve the quality of life. Inspite of a nascent market, there is a great potential for growth in the next ten years. Our main aim would be to highlight the benefits of Prime disc especially the less non-invasive surgical procedures and initial payment of surgery by Spinal dynamics for the first 10 patients. We would gradually tie-up with Apollo Group of hospitals, Canada. Apollo Group is boasts of over 8000 beds in more than 41 hospitals, a string of nursing and hospital management colleges and dual lifelines of pharmacies and diagnostic clinics providing a safety net across Canada. It also has team of excellent, high profile neurosurgeons and orthopedic specialists. Spinal dynamics would sponsor seminars, backed by various medical practitioners to instruct future patients and improve its brand value. Our company will aim to capture at least 10% of total spinal implants market by fourth year of operation. The company’s marketing activity will start immediately after start of operations, and will concentrate on the requirements of prospective patients, with the aim of obtaining a sizable contract from a health institution. Public announcements will take place one year from the start of operations and will be heavily publicized in trade journals, brochures and shows. The devices will be exhibited at the annual orthopedic research society’s (ORS) annual meeting. Spinal dynamics will have its own stall, with information about its device etc. By this time, the company would have worked an agreement with another concern for marketing and distribution of its products. Regional offices will be set up at the four major metros of Canada, as this would improve the products sale ability and distribution. Once the product is well accepted a number of sales officers would be employed with a chance of an International center preferably in the U. S. A very detailed and lucid website would be designed with product information in order to furnish the requisite information to the doctors and the patients. CUSTOMER PROFILE Age 20-85 Sex M/F Disease/ symptoms Degenerative disc disease, black disc, chronic low back pain Income $20,000 (USD) Geographical Location Canada, south east Asia.

The experience of love as described in the poetry section, Love and loss of the Tracks2 anthology

. The first pair of poems, â€Å"First love† by John Clare and â€Å"A birthday† by Christina Rossetti are both poems which tackle the early and vague stages of love, the first being more pessimistic as listing the negative effects of love- its ‘symptoms' rather than its positive side, the second portraying the authors happiness to be in the clutches of love. The use of strong imagery is evident in both pieces as they tackle what goes through ones mind when in love, although it seems that the former poem is more on the physical side of the subject rather than the emotional. Christina Rossetti's poem seems to be full of joy to her lovers coming, if not slightly vague in that aspect, until one learns that her lover was very likely god and that it was death for whi9ch she was so eagerly waiting for. The first poems love seems unrequited, which seems to be the climax of it- the anxiousness of the author to â€Å"are flowers the winter's choice? Rossetti does not give much insight into the details of her love, but it seems that she has no worries of this- she seems more in control of her love. This is evident through rossetta's use of royal imagery, from mentioning the rich vair, which was used as a medieval fur cloak lining to the sovereign â€Å"peacocks with a hundred eyes†. Clare gives the impression that he is physically under her control; this conclusion can be drawn from the way â€Å"my legs refused to walk away† which shows his great helplessness to this situation-in contrast to the in-control Rossetti style love. A similarity that both poems share is the use of natural imagery to convey emotions regarding love, Clare resorts to describing ‘her' face as â€Å"a sweet flower† which seems to be the most natural image in the poem, in contrast to the slightly disturbing yet powerful images of blood burning around his heart and turning deadly pale. Christina Rossetti ‘s poem also uses natural imagery but more in the ‘first part'. The poem is not actually divided in any way, yet the reader will feel that way due to the split use of imagery of her former descriptions of â€Å"My heart†, followed by her orders as the sovereign noble. The imagery she uses can be easily associated with nobility since it includes the royal ‘vair', which was a valuable fur lining of garments use in the medieval times. It is therefore not incidental that Rossetti was obsessed with the middle ages, especially the Italian style of painting at this time. Her imagery is therefore not only rich, but slightly old fashioned â€Å"doves and pomegranates† were signets often used on shields of royal houses and clans. The gender of the writer seems to have an effect on the portrayal of love, Clare is victim, describing someone who â€Å"stole my heart away complete†, whilst Rossetti is the more in-control woman which is waiting for her love in splendour of royalty. The other apparently insignificant detail is that of the poems title, which of the two the latter seems to have a deeper meaning. â€Å"A Birthday† on first impression is a situation associated with joy and merrymaking, which is partly true to the emotions the author is expressing, yet it does not mean a ‘birthday' in the conventional sense of celebrating your birth, but in this case her ‘rebirth'. This rebirth can be interpreted as her waiting for death and her lover to be God, the images of richness and splendour can also be interpreted as in a more morose scene; the vair and purple dyes of the coffin and the fleurs-de-lis as the funeral bouqet. The title of Clare's poem simply gives an overall of the poem following, the incident of first love and the pains as well as pleasures that the author goes through during the whole ordeal; the physical pain of blood burning around his heart to the mental pain of uncertainty to â€Å"her† feelings towards ‘him'. The simplicity and consequently the impressive effect of both poems is a comparison to both, they both rhyme every two lines; â€Å"shoot†-â€Å"fruit† and both flow as abcbdcec. The poems are both divided into parts, much like paragraphs or the chapters of a book, they express slightly different emotions and change the context in every one of these ‘parts'. The second pair of poems is â€Å"When we two parted† by Lord Byron and â€Å"Villegiature† by Edith Nesbit. These are now about a much later phase of love, showing its condition after it has somewhat decayed and the passion has fizzled out. Both of the poets in comparison to the first set seem to suffer more as a result of their relationship than have any enjoyment out of it. The most painful image presented by lord Byron is that of their parting, as well as his later questioning why was she so dear. Villegature is the more light-hearted of the two, the author going on her very own ‘holiday', the word Villegature is French, which misleads the reader into thinking the poem will be about romance, only truly revealing the poets true emotions at the rather shocking end, â€Å"how you always bore me! The poems both express the expectations that the poets have of their lovers, this seems to differ with the poets gender, since lord Byron demands loyalty from his mistress, which is evident when he mentions that â€Å"light is thy fame†, fame meaning her social status is that she could be regarded as a woman of ‘loose' morals. The demands of Nesbit are quiet different, in light-hearted humour, she expresses h er lust for romance and passion, which has evidently vanished, from her relationship. The relationship is not described in great detail, but it is very likely that they have been together for a long time; Nesbit's poem fits the description of a married couple-together for the sake of marriage. Lord Byron's attachment to his mistress, â€Å"Long, long shall I rue thee. † Is evident through his choice of parting words in the first stance and the way he still seems to love her after all those â€Å"years†. When we two parted' portrays love which is pulled like a puppet on strings by society, when her name is spoken of badly Byron knows that he cannot continue to love her in fear of exposing their relationship. The partnership was a concealed one, â€Å"in secret we met†, kept away from the preying eyes of society for a reason that the poet does not give. Byron alternates between different emotions through the stances of the poem, ranging from his love for her to disregard of her and grieving for their dead relationship. Lord Byron also uses questions in the last two stances to draw attention to the expressions used. The two questions contrast in the poets emotions, the first â€Å"Why wert thou so dear? † questions the emotional expenditure of his lover whilst the second â€Å"How should I greet thee? † betrays the poets ever present sentiments for ‘her', â€Å"With silence and tears. † the very same way they parted years before. The poet questioning himself gives a good insight to his emotions through his answers and their importance by the way they are made to stand out by the use of dashes after them, â€Å"A shudder comes o'er me-â€Å". Villvegature also highlights the importance of some phrases through the use of similes â€Å"solid self long leagues away† draws attention to the fact that he is no longer an object of great admiration or interest in the poet, she also uses the words â€Å"deep in dull books† to emphasise his insipidness and the contrast of reality to her fantasized romantic lover, who is much like a ‘Romeo' who climbs a tree to reach his aficionado, the poet. The poem by lord Byron also shows some disappointment with his partner, perhaps more with her being disloyal to him, but he does also mention that their passion grew somewhat stale,†Colder thy kiss†. The disappointment comes from the fact that she broke all her â€Å"vows† and no longer is loyal to him. The use of romantic imagery is evident in both poems, in Villegature it is more the nature or environment which seems to be affected by romance- â€Å"The pear-tree boughs† are mentioned three times, in the first second and third stances, the poet also talks of â€Å"pearls of song† in the concluding stance, the only aquatic gem being the pearl. Lord Byron's poem uses imagery, which describes more of his lover than the nature or scenery, â€Å"Pale grew thy cheek† yet not much imagery is used in his poem compared to the works of Christina Rossetti or even John Clare. The reason for the contrast between the two poems may be that Edith Nesbit used excessive romanticism in her poem to fool the reader into thinking that she ‘loves' her partner or that the poem is not a fantasy, but an actual activity, although in the first stance she does use the image of â€Å"your ghost†, which is reminiscent of a memory she had of her lover. The last poem is â€Å"A woman to her lover† by Christina Walsh. This is the poem, which demonstrates the expectations of a ‘liberated' woman to her potential lover; it has an aroma of feminism about it and seems like a reasonable set of refusals that a 20th century woman could make. Aside from being very inspirational and emotion provoking, the poem also is an interesting expression of the poet's attitude to love and life, more careful and in a way determined than the earlier poems concerning love. The author this time seems to ‘attack' her male oppressors by generating some very persuasive arguments, such as by putting the â€Å"wingless angel† or the â€Å"doll† in, without argument, a negative light. The poet is very critical of the average potential ‘lover', in the first three stances, setting down a set of iron rules that he must abide to in order to be her â€Å"co-equal† in marriage. Her criticism is evident through her counter-glorification of the stereotypical, yet sadly often common desires of men are to have a â€Å"doll to dress and sit for feeble worship† or to have â€Å"my skin soft only for your fond caresses†. The use of the words â€Å"As conqueror to the vanquished† is also interesting- to me forming an image of the Spanish armada putting the capturing the helpless natives, in time turning them into â€Å"a bondslave† a slave with a ‘bond' to its master so they could not buy themselves out after their period of servitude has passed. The last stance concentrates mostly on what the poet expects of her lover, setting down the fundaments of the conditions in which a relationship with her could potentially bloom. Walsh uses words reminiscent of an alliance rather than the more conventional relationship of two lovers, â€Å"your comrade, friend, mate† â€Å"together† â€Å"co-equal†, giving a very lucrative description of a relationship free of the afore mentioned (wingless angel etc. ) conventional entities, not wanting to be a sex toy to satisfy his clamorous desire, but to know â€Å"the purity and height of passion†, refusing to be a placid doll or a holy wingless angel and using clear and strong words to express this â€Å"fool, I refuse you! † to express her distaste for the men who take enjoyment in this. In the first stance, she expresses a different kind of disagreement than in the second or third since the latter does not require her to do any manual work, she refuses: â€Å"No servant will I be†. Another point worth mentioning of the last stance is the way the marriage is described, the imagery used being so artistic and unusual; â€Å"music of the spheres for bridal march† , â€Å"The stars to laugh with joy† ,words which emphasise how different the marriage ceremony will be if the love is true and pure, if it is based on companionship and passionate love- a contradiction of the poets most despised image of the foolish man.